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    Source: ºãÐÇÓ¢ÓïÑ§Ï°Íø    2019-09-23  ÎÒҪͶ¸å   ÂÛ̳   Favorite  

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    ½ÚÑ¡×ÔŦԼʱ±¨What Role Do Teachers Play in Education?
    Ô­ÎÄÁ´½Ó£º£¨What Role Do Teachers Play in Education? - The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/books/review/andrea-gabor-after-the-education-wars.html£©

    In 2009, Time magazine hailed an online math program piloted at three New York City public schools, as one of the year’s 50 best innovations. Each day, the software generated individualized math “playlists” for students who then chose the “modality” in which they wished to learn — software, a virtual teacher or a flesh-and-blood one. A different algorithm sorted teachers’ specialties and schedules to match a student’s needs. “It generates the lessons, the tests and it grades the tests,” one veteran instructor marveled.
    2009Ä꣬¡¶Ê±´ú¡·ÔÓÖ¾·¢ÎijÆÔÞÈýËùŦԼÊй«Á¢Ñ§Ð£ÊÔµãÍÆÐеÄÔÚÏßÊýѧ¿Î³Ì£¬³ÆÆäÊǸÃÄê¶ÈµÄÎåÊ®´ó½Ü³ö´´Ð³ɹûÖ®Ò»¡£¸Ã¿Î³ÌÈí¼þÿÌì¶¼»áÉú³É¸öÐÔ»¯µÄÊýѧ¿Î“²¥·ÅÁб픣¬Ñ§Éú¿É¸ù¾ÝÏëҪѧϰµÄÄÚÈÝÑ¡Ôñ¾ßÌåµÄ“²¥·Åģʽ”¡£Õâ¿î¿Î³ÌÈí¼þ¼ÈÊÇһλÐéÄâ½Ìʦ£¬Ò²»á³ÊÏÖ³öÒ»ÖÖÓÐѪÓÐÈâµÄÕæÊµÐÎÏó¡£Í¨¹ýÒ»ÖÖÌØ±ðµÄËã·¨£¬¿Î³ÌÈí¼þ¶ÔËùÓнÌʦµÄרҵ¿Î³ÌÓëÅÅ¿Îʱ¼ä½øÐзÖÀ࣬ÒÔÂú×ãÿλѧÉúµÄÐèÇó¡£Ò»Î»×ÊÉʦ¾ÍÔø¾ªÌ¾³Æ£¬“Õâ¿îÈí¼þ²»½öÄܹ»Éú³É¿Î³ÌÓë²âÊÔÄÚÈÝ£¬»¹¿É¶Ô²âÊÔ½á¹û½øÐÐÆÀ·Ö”¡£

    Although the program made only modest improvements in students’ math scores and was adopted by only a handful of New York schools (not the 50 for which it was slated), it serves as a notable example of a pattern that Andrea Gabor charts in “After the Education Wars.” For more than three decades, an unlikely coalition of corporate philanthropists, educational technology entrepreneurs and public education bureaucrats has spearheaded a brand of school reform characterized by the overvaluing of technology and standardized testing and a devaluing of teachers and communities. The trend can be traced back to a hyperbolic 1983 report, “A Nation at Risk,” issued by President Ronald Reagan’s National Commission on Excellence in Education. Against the backdrop of an ascendant Japanese economy and consistent with President Reagan’s disdain for public education (and teachers’ unions), “A Nation at Risk” blamed America’s ineffectual schools for a “rising tide of mediocrity” that was diminishing America’s global role in a new high-tech world.
    ËäÈ»¸Ã¿Î³Ì²¢Î´´ó·ùÌáÉýѧÉúµÄÊýѧ³É¼¨£¬ÇÒ½öÓÐÉÙÊýŦԼѧУ²ÉÓ㨲¢·ÇÔ¤ÆÚ½ø×¤µÄ50ËùѧУ£©£¬µ«È´Êǰ²µÂÁÒ°£·¼Ó²©¶û£¨Andrea Gabor£©ÔÚ¡¶½ÌÓýÕ½Õù¡·£¨After the Education Wars£©ÖÐËùÌá³öµÄ½Ì¸ÄģʽµÄÒ»¸öµäÐÍ·¶Àý¡£ÈýÊ®¶àÄêÀ´£¬¿´ËƲ»¿ÉÄÜ´ï³ÉͳһսÏßµÄÖÚ¶àÆóÒµ´ÈÉÆ¼Ò¡¢½ÌÓý¼¼ÊõÆóÒµ¼ÒºÍ¹«¹²½ÌÓý¹ÙÔ±ÂÊÏÈÏÆÆðÒ»¹ÉѧУ¸Ä¸ï·ç³±£¬ÆäÌØµã¾ÍÊǼ«¶ÈÖØÊÓ¼¼Êõ¼°±ê×¼»¯²âÊÔ£¬Í¬Ê±Èõ»¯¶Ô½ÌʦºÍÉç»áµÄ¹Ø×¢¡£ÕâÒ»·ç³±¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½ÂÞÄɵ·Àï¸ùÕþ¸®Ê±ÆÚµÄ“¹ú¼Ò½ÌÓý׿ԽίԱ»á£¨National Commission on Excellence in Education£©”ÓÚ1983Äê·¢²¼µÄÒ»·Ý·ç¸ñ¿äÕŵı¨¸æ——¡¶´¦ÓÚΣÏÕÖеĹú¼Ò¡·£¨A Nation at Risk£©¡£ÔÚÈÕ±¾¾­¼ÃáÈÆðµÄ±³¾°Ï£¬Àï¸ù×ÜÍ³Ôø¶ÔÃÀ¹úµÄ¹«¹²½ÌÓý£¨¼°½Ìʦ¹¤»á£©±íÏÖ³öÃïÊÓÖ®Ç飬Óë´ËÏàºôÓ¦£¬¡¶´¦ÓÚΣÏÕÖеĹú¼Ò¡·Ò²½«ÃÀ¹ú“ƽӹ֮±²Ô½À´Ô½¶à”¹é¾ÌÓÚÃÀ¹úѧУµÄÎÞÄÜ£¬ÈÏΪÕâЩӹ²ÅÕý²»¶ÏÏ÷ÈõÃÀ¹úÔÚ¸ßпƼ¼ÁìÓòµÄÈ«ÇòÓ°ÏìÁ¦¡£

    Policymakers turned their focus to public education as a matter of national security, one too important (and potentially too profitable) to entrust to educators. The notion that top-down decisions by politicians, not teachers, should determine what children need was a thread running through the bipartisan 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, the Obama administration’s Race to the Top and state-initiated Common Core standards, and the current charter-driven agenda of Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos. “Accountability” became synonymous with standardized tests, resulting in a testing juggernaut with large profits going to commercial publishing giants like Pearson.
    Õþ²ßÖÆ¶¨ÕßËæºó½«¹Ø×¢µãתÏò¹«¹²½ÌÓýÁìÓò¡£ÔÚÕþ²ßÖÆ¶¨Õß¿´À´£¬¹«¹²½ÌÓýÒÑÉÏÉýÖÁ¹ú¼Ò°²È«µÄ¸ß¶È£¬ÆäÖØÒªÐÔ£¨»ò¸ßÓ¯ÀûÐÔ£©ÍêÈ«ÎÞ·¨ÈÃÕþ²ßÖÆ¶¨Õß½«·¢Õ¹¹«¹²½ÌÓýµÄÈÎÎñ·ÅÐĽ»Óè½ÌÓý²¿ÃÅ¡£ÓÐÖÖ¹ÛµãÈÏΪ£¬¾ö¶¨¶ùͯ½ÌÓýÐèÇóµÄÓ¦µ±ÊÇÕþÖÎÈËÎ¶ø·Ç½ÌʦȺÌ壩×ÔÉ϶øÏµÄÕþ²ß¾ö²ß£¬¶ø´Ó2001ÄêÃÀ¹úÁ½µ³Ö§³Öͨ¹ýµÄ“ÓнÌÎÞÀà·¨°¸£¨No Child Left Behind Act£©”£¬µ½°Â°ÍÂíÕþ¸®µÄ“Á¦ÕùÉÏÓΣ¨Race to the Top£©”¼Æ»®ÓëÖݹ²Í¬ºËÐĿγ̱ê×¼£¬ÔÙµ½ÏÖÈÎÃÀ¹ú½ÌÓý²¿³¤±´ç÷·µÂÎÖ˹£¨Betsy DeVos£©ÍÆÐеÄÌØÐíѧУÒé³Ì£¬ÕâÒ»¹ÛÄîʼÖչᴩÆäÖС£“ÔðÈÎÖÆ”ÒѳÉΪ±ê×¼»¯²âÊԵĴúÃû´Ê£¬µ¼ÖÂÅàÉú½ÌÓý£¨Pearson£©µÈ½ÌÓý²âÊÔÁìÓòµÄ´óÌåÁ¿¡¢¸ßÀûÈó»ú¹¹×ªÐͳÉΪÉÌÒµ³ö°æ¾ÞÍ·¡£

    The education wars have been demoralizing for teachers, over 17 percent of whom drop out within their first five years. No one believes that teaching to the test is good pedagogy, but what are the options when students’ future educational choices, teachers’ salaries and retention and, in some states, the fate of entire schools rest on student test scores? In meticulous detail, Gabor documents reform’s institutional failings. She describes the turns in New York City’s testing-obsessed policies, the undermining of Michigan’s once fine public schools and the heartbreaking failure of New Orleans to remake its schools after Hurricane Katrina.
    ½ÌÓýÕ½ÕùÏ÷ÈõÁ˽Ìʦ¶ÓÎéµÄ¶·Ö¾£¬³¬¹ý17%µÄ½ÌʦÔÚÈëÖ°²»µ½ÎåÄêÄÚÀëÖ°¡£Ã»ÓÐÈËÏàÐÅÓ¦ÊÔ½ÌÓýÊÇÒ»ÖÖÓÐЧµÄ½ÌÓý·½·¨£¬µ«µ±Ñ§ÉúµÄ¼ÌÐø½ÌÓýÑ¡Ôñ¡¢½ÌʦµÄн×ÊÓëÁôÈΣ¬ÄËÖÁÃÀ¹úijЩÖÝÕûËùѧУµÄǰ;ÃüÔ˶¼È¡¾öÓÚѧÉúµÄ²âÊԳɼ¨Ê±£¬ËûÃÇ»¹ÄÜÓÐÄÄЩѡÔñ£¿¼Ó²©¶ûÔÚÆäÊéÖм«ÆäÏ꾡µØ¼ÇÊöÁ˽ÌÓý¸Ä¸ïµÄÖÆ¶ÈȱÏÝ£ºÅ¦Ô¼ÊнÌÓý²âÊÔ¿ñÈÈÕþ²ßÒý·¢Öî¶àת±ä£»ÃÜЪ¸ùÖݹ«Á¢Ñ§Ð£µÄÎôÈÕÓÅÊÆÔâµ½Ï÷Èõ£»¿¨ÌØÀïÄÈì«·çËÁŰ¹ýºó£¬Ð°¶ûÁ¼ÊÐÔÚÖØ½¨Ñ§Ð£Ê±Ò²ÔâÓöÁîÈËÐÄËéµÄÀ§¾³¡£

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    ½ÚÑ¡×ÔÁªºÏ¹ú½Ì¿ÆÎÄ×éÖ¯¹ÙÍø£¬Ô­ÎÄÁ´½ÓÈçÏ£º£¨Angkor - UNESCO World Heritage Centre  https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/668/£©

    Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. For several centuries, Angkor was the centre of the Khmer Kingdom. With impressive monuments, several different ancient urban plans and large water reservoirs, the site is a unique concentration of features testifying to an exceptional civilization. Temples, exemplars of Khmer architecture, are closely linked to their geographical context as well as being imbued with symbolic significance. The architecture and layout of the successive capitals bear witness to a high level of social order and ranking within the Khmer Empire. Angkor is therefore a major site exemplifying cultural, religious and symbolic values, as well as containing high architectural, archaeological and artistic significance.
    Îâ¸çÊǶ«ÄÏÑǵØÇø×îÖØÒªµÄ¿¼¹ÅÒÅÖ·Ö®Ò»¡£¼¸¸öÊÀ¼ÍÒÔÀ´£¬Îâ¸çÒ»Ö±ÊǸßÃÞÍõ¹úµÄ¶¼³Ç¡£³ýÁËÁîÈËÓ¡ÏóÉî¿ÌµÄÀúÊ·Òż£Ö®Í⣬µ±µØ»¹ÁôÓÐÖÚ¶à¹Å³Ç³ØÓë´óÐÍË®¿âµÄÒÅÖ·¡£Èç´ËÖ®¶àµÄº±¼ûÒż£»ã¼¯ÓÚÒ»´¦£¬Õâ¾ÍÊǵ±µØÔø¾­´æÔÚ¹ý¸ß¶ÈÎÄÃ÷µÄÏóÕ÷¡£×÷ΪһÖÖµäÐ͵ĸßÃÞ½¨Öþ£¬ËÂÃíÓëµ±µØµÄµØÀí»·¾³ÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø£¬¾ßÓбêÖ¾ÐÔÒâÒå¡£Àú´ú¶¼³ÇµÄ½¨ÖþÓë²¼¾ÖÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉϼûÖ¤Á˸ßÃÞµÛ¹úµÄÉç»áÖÈÐòÓëµÈ¼¶¡£Òò´Ë£¬×÷Ϊһ´¦ÖØÒªµÄÀúÊ·Òż££¬Îâ¸ç²»½ö¾ßÓзḻµÄ½¨Öþ¡¢¿¼¹ÅºÍÒÕÊõÄÚº­£¬»¹Õ¹ÏÖ³ö½Ï¸ßµÄÎÄ»¯¡¢×ڽ̺ÍÏóÕ÷¼ÛÖµ¡£

    The Angkor complex encompasses all major architectural buildings and hydrological engineering systems from the Khmer period. All the individual aspects illustrate the intactness of the site very much reflecting the splendor of the cities that once were. The site integrity however, is put under dual pressures: endogenous: exerted by more than 100,000 inhabitants distributed over 112 historic settlements scattered over the site, who constantly try to expand their dwelling areas; exogenous: related to the proximity of the town of Siem Reap, the seat of the province and a tourism hub.
    Îâ¸ç½¨ÖþȺÄÒÀ¨Á˸ßÃÞʱÆÚµÄËùÓÐÖØÒª½¨ÖþºÍˮ΍³Ìϵͳ£¬È«·½Î»Õ¹ÏÖÁ˸õØÒÅÖ·µÄÍêÕûÐÔ£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²·´Ó³³öÀú´ú³Ç³ØµÄ»Ô»ÍÀúÊ·¡£È»¶ø£¬ÒÅÖ·µÄÍêÕûÐÔĿǰÕýÃæÁÙ×ÅË«ÖØÑ¹Á¦¡£ÆäÒ»ÊÇÄÚÉúÐÔѹÁ¦£ºÒÅÖ·ÇøÓòÁãÐÇÉ¢²¼×Å112¸öÀúÊ·¾Û¾Óµã£¬¾ÓÃñÈËÊý³¬¹ý10Íò£¬¶øËûÃÇÕýÔÚÏë·½Éè·¨À©´ó×ÔÉíµÄ¾Ó×¡ÇøÓò£»Æä¶þÊÇÍâÉúÐÔѹÁ¦£ºµ±µØÓëåßÁ£ÕòÏàÁÚ£¬¶øåßÁ£ÕòÕýλÓÚåßÁ£Ê¡Ê׸®£¬ÊÇÒ»´¦ÂÃÓÎÒµÖÐÐÄ¡£

    Angkor is one of the largest archaeological sites in operation in the world. Tourism represents an enormous economic potential but it can also generate irreparable destructions of the tangible as well as intangible cultural heritage. Many research projects have been undertaken, since the international safeguarding program was first launched in 1993. The scientific objectives of the research (e.g. anthropological studies on socio-economic conditions) result in a better knowledge and understanding of the history of the site, and its inhabitants that constitute a rich exceptional legacy of the intangible heritage. The purpose is to associate the “intangible culture” to the enhancement of the monuments in order to sensitize the local population to the importance and necessity of its protection and preservation and assist in the development of the site as Angkor is a living heritage site where Khmer people in general, but especially the local population, are known to be particularly conservative with respect to ancestral traditions and where they adhere to a great number of archaic cultural practices that have disappeared elsewhere.
    Îâ¸çÊÇÈ«Çò×î´óµÄ¾­ÓªÐÔ¿¼¹ÅÒÅÖ·Ö®Ò»¡£ÂÃÓÎÒµ´ú±íמ޴óµÄ¾­¼ÃDZÁ¦£¬µ«Í¬Ê±Ò²¿ÉÄܶÔÎïÖʺͷÇÎïÖÊÎÄ»¯ÒŲúÔì³ÉÎÞ·¨Íì»ØµÄÉ˺¦¡£Îâ¸çµÄ¹ú¼Ê±£»¤¼Æ»®Æð²½ÓÚ1993Ä꣬¶àÄêÀ´ÒÑ¿ªÕ¹ÖÚ¶àÑо¿ÏîÄ¿¡£¿ÆÑ§µÄÑо¿Ä¿±ê£¨ÈçÉç»á¾­¼ÃÌõ¼þµÄÈËÀàѧÑо¿£©Ê¹µÃÈËÃǵÃÒÔ¸üºÃµØÈÏʶÓëÁ˽âÎâ¸çÒÅÖ·µÄÀúÊ·£¬ÒÔ¼°×÷ΪÕâЩè­è²·ÇÎïÖÊÎÄ»¯ÒŲúµÞÔìÕßµÄÎâ¸çµ±µØ¾ÓÃñ¡£Îâ¸ç¿°³ÆÀúÊ·ÎÄ»¯µÄ»î»¯Ê¯£¬ÕâÀïµÄ¸ßÃÞÈË£¨ÌرðÊǵ±µØ¾ÓÃñ£©ÔÚÏÈ׿´«Í³·½ÃæÍ¨³£¼«ÎªÊؾÉ£¬¶øËûÃÇËù¼áÊØµÄ´óÁ¿¹ÅÀÏÎÄ»¯Ï°Ë×ÔÚÆäËûµØ·½ÔçÒÑÏûʧ´ù¾¡£¬Òò´Ë£¬¿ªÕ¹ÕâЩÑо¿Ö¼ÔÚ½«“·ÇÎïÖÊÎÄ»¯”ÓëÀúÊ·Òż£µÄ±£»¤ÁªÏµÆðÀ´£¬Ê¹µ±µØ¾ÓÃñÒâʶµ½Îâ¸çÒż£±£»¤µÄÖØÒªÐԺͱØÒªÐÔ£¬´Ó¶øÎªµ±µØÒÅÖ·µÄ¿ª·¢¹¤×÷ÌṩЭÖú¡£

    Moreover, the Angkor Archaeological Park is very rich in medicinal plants, used by the local population for treatment of diseases. The Preah Khan temple is considered to have been a university of medicine and the NeakPoan an ancient hospital.
    ´ËÍ⣬Îâ¸ç¿¼¹Å¹«Ô°£¨Angkor Archaeological Park£©ÄÚ»¹Éú³¤×ÅÖÖÀà·á¸»µÄÒ©ÓÃÖ²Îµ±µØ¾ÓÃñÓÃËüÃÇÖÎÁƶàÖÖ¼²²¡¡£Ê¥½£Ë£¨Preah Khan£©¾ÝÐŹýÈ¥ÔøÊÇÒ»Ëùҽҩѧ¸®£¬¶øÄá¿ËÅË£¨NeakPoan£©Ôò±»ÈÏΪÊÇÒ»¼Ò¹ÅÀϵÄÒ½Ôº¡£

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    China is expected to see an increase in the number of elderly people aged over 60 years to around 255 million by 2020, raising its percentage of the total population to about 17.8%; the older population will rise to about 29 million, and the number of seniors living alone will jump to about 118 million. The regulations and policies relating to the elderly people need to be more systematic, coordinated, relevant and feasible; the development of undertakings for the aged and the construction of old-age service systems in urban and rural areas experience prominent imbalance; the elderly care service is plagued by the shortage of effective supply, low quality and effectiveness, and manpower shortage.

    ¹æ»®Ìá³öÄ¿±ê£¬µ½2020Ä꣬ÀÏÁäÊÂÒµ·¢Õ¹ÕûÌåˮƽÃ÷ÏÔÌáÉý£¬ÑøÀÏÌåϵ¸ü¼Ó½¡È«ÍêÉÆ¡£Éç»á±£ÏÕ¡¢Éç»á¸£Àû¡¢Éç»á¾ÈÖúµÈÉç»á±£ÕÏÖÆ¶ÈºÍ¹«Òæ´ÈÉÆÊÂÒµÓÐЧÏνÓ£¬ÀÏÄêÈ˵Ļù±¾Éú»î¡¢»ù±¾Ò½ÁÆ¡¢»ù±¾ÕÕ»¤µÈÐèÇóµÃµ½ÇÐʵ±£ÕÏ¡£ÀÏÁäÊÂÒµ·¢Õ¹ºÍÑøÀÏÌåϵ½¨ÉèµÄ·¨Öλ¯¡¢ÐÅÏ¢»¯¡¢±ê×¼»¯¡¢¹æ·¶»¯³Ì¶ÈÃ÷ÏÔÌá¸ß¡£Êг¡»îÁ¦ºÍÉç»á´´ÔìÁ¦µÃµ½³ä·Ö¼¤·¢£¬ÑøÀÏ·þÎñºÍ²úÆ·¹©¸øÖ÷Ìå¸ü¼Ó¶àÔª¡¢ÄÚÈݸü¼Ó·á¸»¡¢ÖÊÁ¿¸ü¼ÓÓÅÁ¼£¬ÒÔÐÅÓÃΪºËÐĵÄÐÂÐÍÊг¡¼à¹Ü»úÖÆ½¨Á¢ÍêÉÆ¡£ÀÏÄêÈ˺Ϸ¨È¨ÒæµÃµ½ÓÐЧ±£»¤£¬ÀÏÄêÈ˲ÎÓëÉç»á·¢Õ¹µÄÌõ¼þ³ÖÐø¸ÄÉÆ¡£
    The goal is laid out in the Plan that by 2020 overall development level of the aging cause will see a significant enhancement, and the old-age service systems will become improved and perfected. Social security systems such as social insurance, social welfare, and social assistance are effectively linked to charitable causes to effectively guarantee the needs of the elderly people for basic livelihood, basic medical care, and basic care. The development of aging cause and construction of old-age service systems demonstrate obvious improvement in legalization, informationization, standardization and normalization. Market vitality and social creativity have been fully stimulated. The services and products for elderly people have more diversified suppliers, more abundant content, and better quality. A credit-centered new market regulatory mechanism has been well-established. The elderly people have received solid protection on their legitimate rights and interests, and have been provided with continuously improved conditions for them to be part of social development.

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    ÖйúµÄ¸Ä¸ï·¢¶ËÓÚÅ©´å£¬Ä¿µÄÔÚÓÚµ÷½ÚÅ©ÃñºÍÍÁµØÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ¡£1978Äê֮ǰ£¬ÊýÒÚÖйúÈË»¹ÔÚΪα¥ÎÊÌâ·¢³î£¬Èç½ñ£¬¾­¹ý40ÄêµÄ·¢Õ¹,ÖйúÓÐ7ÒÚ¶àÅ©´åƶÀ§ÈË¿ÚʵÏÖÍÑÆ¶¡£´Ó1978ÄêÖÁ1985Ä꣬ũ´å¾­¼ÃÌåÖÆµÄÉî¿Ì±ä¸ï£¬ÎªÅ©´å¾­¼ÃµÄÔö³¤ºÍƶÀ§È˿ڵĴó·ù¼õÉÙÌṩÁËÇ¿¾¢¶¯Á¦¡£°´µ±Ê±±ê×¼£¬ÓÐ50%δ½â¾öα¥µÄÅ©´åÈË¿ÚÔÚÕâÆÚ¼ä½â¾öÁËα¥ÎÊÌâ¡£°´ÏÖÔڵķöƶ±ê×¼£¬Óг¬¹ý1ÒÚÅ©´åÈË¿ÚÔÚÕâÆÚ¼ä°ÚÍÑÁËÆ¶À§¡£Õâ²»½öÎªÈ«Ãæ½¨ÉèС¿µÉç»á´òÏÂÁ˼áʵµÄ»ù´¡£¬¶øÇÒΪȫÈËÀàµÄ·öƶºÍ·¢Õ¹×ö³öÁ˾޴ó¹±Ïס£
    China’s reform originated in rural areas with the purpose of adjusting the relationship between farmers and land. Before 1978, hundreds of millions of Chinese people were struggling to meet their basic daily needs. After 40 years of development, more than 700 million people in rural areas of China were lifted out of poverty. From 1978 to 1985, the profound reform of China’s rural economic system provided a strong impetus for economic growth and a dramatic reduction of the poverty-stricken population. According to the standards at that time, 50 percent of the rural population in poverty met their basic needs during this period. And even according to the poverty alleviation standards at present, more than 100 million rural people were lifted out of poverty during the period. This not only laid a solid foundation for China to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects but also made great contributions to poverty alleviation and development for all mankind.
     
    1978Ä꣬°²»Õ·ïÑôÏØÐ¡¸Ú´åµÄ18»§Å©Ãñ×ß³öÁËÖйúÅ©´å¸Ä¸ïµÄµÚÒ»²½¡£ÆÆ³ýÁ˼ƻ®¾­¼ÃÌåÖÆµÄÖî¶àÊø¸¿£¬ÊµÐÐÒÔ¼ÒÍ¥Áª²ú³Ð°üÔðÈÎÖÆÎª»ù´¡µÄ¼ÒÍ¥¾­Óª£¬»ñµÃÁË¿ÉÒÔ×ÔÓɸûÖֵijаüÍÁµØ£¬¼«´óµ÷¶¯ÁËÉú²ú»ý¼«ÐÔ,ʹËûÃÇÒÔ¾Þ´óµÄÈÈÇéͶÈ뵽ũҵÉú²úÖ®ÖС£
    In 1978, farmers from 18 households in Xiaogang Village of Fengyang County, Anhui Province took the first step of China’s rural reform. By removing many constraints of the planned economic system and conducting family management based on the household responsibility system, farmers received contracted land they could freely decide what to grow, which greatly stimulated their enthusiasm for agricultural production.

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    ÌâÔ´£ºÕâһƪժѡ×ÔÊÀ½çÎÀÉú×éÖ¯¹ÙÍøÉÏÊÀÎÀ×éÖ¯×ܸÉÊÂÌØµÂÂÞ˹·°¢´ïŵķ²©Ê¿£¨Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus£©µÄһƪÑݽ²The right to health
    Ô­ÎÄÁ´½Ó£ºhttps://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2018/right-to-health/en/

    Both WHO’s constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Right assert that health is a human right, not a privilege for those who can afford it. Over time, that right has made its way into both national and international law. But importantly, the right to health is not simply a noble idea on a piece of paper.
    ÊÀ½çÎÀÉú×éÖ¯¡¶×éÖ¯·¨¡·Óë¡¶ÊÀ½çÈËȨÐûÑÔ¡·£¨Universal Declaration of Human Right£©¾ùÇ¿µ÷½¡¿µÊÇÒ»ÏîÈËȨ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÄÇЩÓо­¼ÃʵÁ¦ÕßÏíÓеÄÌØÈ¨¡£Ëæ×Åʱ¼äµÄÍÆÒÆ£¬½¡¿µÈ¨ÒÑÖð½¥ÔØÈë¸÷¹ú·¨Âɺ͹ú¼Ê·¨ÂÉ¡£µ«ÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬½¡¿µÈ¨¾ø·ÇÖ»ÊÇÖ½ÉÏ¿Õ̸¡£

    It has been a platform for major improvements in global health. Since 1948, life expectancy has increased by 25 years. Maternal and childhood mortality have plummeted. Smallpox has been eradicated and polio is on the brink. We have turned the tide on the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Deaths from malaria have dropped dramatically. New vaccines have made once-feared diseases easily preventable. And there are many other causes for celebration. But even as we continue to struggle with old threats, new ones have arisen. Climate change will have profound effects on health. Antimicrobial resistance has the potential to undo the gains of modern medicine. Vaccine hesitancy is putting millions of young lives at risk. Noncommunicable diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer diabetes, hypertension, lung diseases and mental illnesses have become the major killers of our time. And of course, we continue to face the ever-present threat of outbreaks and other health emergencies.
    ½¡¿µÈ¨Ò»Ö±ÊÇÈ«Çò½¡¿µ×´¿öµÃÒÔ»ñµÃÖØ´ó¸ÄÉÆµÄƽ̨¡£×Ô1948ÄêÒÔÀ´£¬Ô¤ÆÚÊÙÃüÑÓ³¤ÁË25Ëê¡£²ú¸¾ºÍ¶ùͯËÀÍöÂÊ¿ìËÙϵø¡£Ì컨Òѱ»ÏûÃ𣬼¹Ëè»ÒÖÊÑ×Ò²ÒÑ´¦ÔÚ±»ÏûÃðµÄ±ßÔµ¡£°¬×̲¡¶¾/°¬×̲¡µÄÊÆÍ·µÃµ½Å¤×ª¡£Å±¼²ÖÂËÀµÄÏÖÏó¼±¾ç¼õÉÙ¡£µÃÒæÓÚÐÂÒßÃçµÄ³öÏÖ£¬Ôø¾­ÈÃÈË̸»¢É«±äµÄ¼²²¡Ò²±äµÃÒ×ÓÚÔ¤·À¡£»¹ÓÐÆäËû½ø²½¿Éϲ¿ÉºØ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬¾ÍÔÚÎÒÃǼÌÐø¶Ô¿¹¼ÈÓн¡¿µÍþв֮ʱ£¬ÐµĽ¡¿µÍþвÒѾ­³öÏÖ¡£Æøºò±ä»¯»á¶Ô½¡¿µ²úÉúÉîÔ¶Ó°Ïì¡£¿¹Î¢ÉúÎïÒ©ÎïÄÍÒ©ÐÔÓпÉÄÜÈÃÏÖ´úҽѧȡµÃµÄ³É¹ûµ´È»ÎÞ´æ¡£“ÒßÃçÓÌÔ¥”ÕýΣ¼°Êý°ÙÍòÄêÇáÈ˵ÄÉúÃü¡£ÐÄÔಡ¡¢Öзç¡¢°©Ö¢¡¢ÌÇÄò²¡¡¢¸ßѪѹ¡¢·Î²¡ºÍ¾«Éñ¼²²¡µÈ·Ç´«È¾ÐÔ¼²²¡ÒѳÉΪµ±½ñʱ´úµÄÍ·ºÅɱÊÖ¡£µ±È»£¬ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÎÞʱ²»¿Ì²»ÔÚÃæÁÙ×ÅÒßÇéºÍÆäËûÍ»·¢ÎÀÉúʼþµÄÍþв¡£

    In the past 12 months, WHO has responded to 47 emergencies in 50 countries. We are currently responding to an outbreak of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, very near the border with Uganda. As of today, there have been 373 cases and 216 deaths since the outbreak started in August. So far, we have managed to prevent Ebola from spreading across the border, largely because we have much better tools with which to fight Ebola than at any time in history. More than 32,000 people have been vaccinated, which is one of the reasons the outbreak has not spread further than it has. We also have ways to treat those infected. So far, 150 people have been treated with one of four drugs. 14 million travelers have been screened, there have been more than 190 safe and dignified burials, we have done door-to-door advocacy in almost 4000 households and we have trained more than 500 community leaders. But this outbreak has been much more difficult to control, largely because of the security situation in eastern DRC. Armed groups operating in the area conduct regular attacks on the city of Beni, the epicentre of the outbreak. And every time there is an attack, the virus gets an advantage. Vaccination and contact tracing are disrupted.
    ÔÚ¹ýÈ¥µÄ12¸öÔÂÄÚ£¬ÊÀÎÀ×éÖ¯Ó¦¶ÔÁË50¸ö¹ú¼Ò47ÆðÍ»·¢Ê¼þ¡£ÎÒÃÇĿǰÕýÔÚ´¦ÀíÁÚ½üÎڸɴï±ß¾³µÄ¸Õ¹ûÃñÖ÷¹²ºÍ¹ú±¬·¢µÄ°£²©À­ÒßÇé¡£×Ô8Ô±¬·¢ÒÔÀ´£¬Æù½ñÒÑÓÐ373Àý²¡ÀýºÍ216ÀýËÀÍö¡£µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹£¬ÎÒÃÇÒѳɹ¦×èÖ¹°£²©À­²¡¶¾ÂûÑÓÔ½¹ý±ß¾³£¬ÕâÖ÷ÒªÒòΪÎÒÃDzÉÓÃÁËÓÐÊ·ÒÔÀ´×îºÃµÄ¼¸ÖÖÊֶζԿ¹°£²©À­²¡¶¾¡£³¬¹ý3.2ÍòÈ˽ÓÖÖÁËÒßÃ磬ÕâÊÇÒßÇéûÓнøÒ»²½À©É¢µÄÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£´ËÍ⣬ÎÒÃÇÒ²ÓÐÖÎÁƸÐȾÕߵķ½·¨¡£µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹£¬ÒÑÓÐ150È˽ÓÊÜÁËËÄÖÖÒ©ÎïÖеÄÒ»ÖÖÖÎÁÆ¡£1400ÍòÓο;­¹ýɸ²é£»³¬¹ý190È˵õ½°²È«¡¢ÌåÃæÂñÔ᣻°¤¼Ò°¤»§Ðû´«´ïµ½½ü4000»§£»500¶àÃûÉçÇøÁìµ¼½ÓÊÜÁËÅàѵ¡£µ«´Ë´ÎÒßÇé¿ØÖÆÄѶȼӴó£¬ÕâÖ÷Òª¹é¾ÌÓÚ¸Õ¹ûÃñÖ÷¹²ºÍ¹ú¶«²¿µÄ°²È«¾ÖÊÆ¡£ÔڸõØÇø×÷Õ½µÄÎä×°·Ö×ÓÆµ·±Ï®»÷ÒßÇéÖÐÐı´ÄáÊУ¨Beni£©£¬¶øÃ¿´ÎÏ®»÷¶¼Îª²¡¶¾´´ÔìÁËÓÐÀûÌõ¼þ£¬ÖжÏÁËÒßÃç½ÓÖֺͽӴ¥Õß×·×Ù¹¤×÷¡£

    Health security and health systems are two sides of the same coin. The best long-term investment in protecting and promoting the right to health is to invest in stronger health systems. Because there is simply no other way to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals than primary health care, with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention. But it will also require WHO and the global health community to work in a much more integrated and coherent way. That’s why WHO and 10 other international health agencies have agreed to work together on a Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-Being. The plan has three strategic approaches: integrate, accelerate and account. First, we have committed to integrate many of our processes to increase our collective efficiency. Second, we have committed to accelerate progress by identifying areas of work in which we can truly bend the curve and make more rapid progress towards the health-related SDGs – like research and development, data and sustainable financing. And third, we have committed to keep each other accountable, both to the people we serve, and to the donors and partners who expect results from the resources they give us.
    ÎÀÉú°²È«ºÍÒ½ÁÆÎÀÉúÌåϵÊÇͬһÊÂÎïµÄÁ½¸ö·½Ãæ¡£±£»¤ºÍ´Ù½ø½¡¿µÈ¨µÄ×î¼Ñ³¤ÆÚͶ×Ê·½Ê½ÊÇͶ×ʸüÇ¿´óµÄÒ½ÁÆÎÀÉúÌåϵ¡£³õ¼¶ÎÀÉú±£½¡ÒÔ´Ù½ø½¡¿µºÍÔ¤·À¼²²¡ÎªÖص㣬¶ø³ýÁ˳õ¼¶ÎÀÉú±£½¡£¬¸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÆäËû·½·¨¿ÉÒÔʵÏÖÈ«Ãñ½¡¿µ¸²¸ÇÓë¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Ä¿±ê£¨Sustainable Development Goals£©¡£µ«Õ⻹ÐèÒªÊÀÎÀ×éÖ¯ÓëÈ«ÇòÎÀÉú½ç¼ÓǿЭµ÷ºÏ×÷¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇÊÀÎÀ×éÖ¯ÓëÆäËû10¸ö¹ú¼ÊÎÀÉú»ú¹¹Í¬Òâ¹²Í¬ÍÆÐГȫÇò½¡¿µÉú»îÓ븣ìíÐж¯¼Æ»®”£¨Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-Being£©µÄÔ­Òò¡£ÕâÏî¼Æ»®ÓÐÈý´óÕ½ÂÔ·½·¨£ºÕûºÏÁ÷³Ì¡¢¼Ó¿ì½ø³ÌÓë³Ðµ£ÔðÈΡ£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÎÒÃÇÒѳÐŵÕûºÏÖî¶àÁ÷³Ì£¬Ìá¸ß¼¯ÌåЧÂÊ¡£Æä´Î£¬ÎÒÃÇÒѳÐŵ£¬Í¨¹ýÈ·¶¨Äܹ»ÕæÕýŤת¾ÖÊÆµÄ¹¤×÷ÁìÓò£¨ÈçÑз¢¡¢Êý¾ÝºÍ¿É³ÖÐøÈÚ×ÊÁìÓò£©£¬¼ÓËÙʵÏÖÓ뽡¿µÏà¹ØµÄ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Ä¿±ê£¬´Ó¶ø¼Ó¿ì½ø³Ì¡£×îºó£¬ÎÒÃÇÒѳÐŵÈËÈ˳е£ÔðÈΣ¬²»½ö¶ÔËù·þÎñµÄ¶ÔÏó¸ºÔð£¬Ò²Òª¶Ô³ö×ʳöÁ¦¡¢ÆÚ´ýÆäÓÐËù³ÉЧµÄ¾èÖúÕßÓëºÏ×÷Õ߸ºÔð¡£

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    Ô­ÎÄÁ´½Ó£ºhttp://fangtan.china.com.cn/2018-09/18/content_63574694.htm

    »¥ÁªÍøÔÚÖйú¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅÖеÄÖØÒª×÷ÓÃÔõô˵¶¼²»Îª¹ý¡£´Ó2000Ä꿪ʼ£¬Öйú»¥ÁªÍøÓ¦ÓÃµÄÆÕ¼°£¬µ½ÏÖÔÚ¿ì20ÄêµÄʱ¼ä¡£ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ×îºóµÄÕâ15Ä꣬»¥ÁªÍøÎª±£³Ö¸ßËÙ·¢Õ¹Æðµ½Á˾ö¶¨ÐÔµÄ×÷Ó᣾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÓÐÁ½¸ö¶«Î÷ÊÇÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ£ºµÚÒ»¾ÍÊÇÌá¸ßÉú²úЧÂÊ£¬ÌáÉý²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿£¬Éú²ú³ö¸üÓд´ÒâµÄÉè¼Æ£»µÚ¶þ¾ÍÊDZ£³ÖÇþ³©Í¨£¬Ê¹¹¤³§Éú²úµÄ¶«Î÷ÒÔ×î¿ìµÄËÙ¶È¡¢×îµÍµÄ³É±¾Ë͵½Ïû·ÑÕßµÄÊÖÀï¡£»¥ÁªÍøÔÚÕâÁ½¸ö»·½Ú¶¼ÎªÖйúµÄ²úÒµ·¢Õ¹Æðµ½Á˾ö¶¨ÐÔµÄ×÷Óá£
    The importance of the Internet in China’s reform and opening up cannot be overstated. The year of 2000 marks the beginning of nearly two decades’ popularity the Internet has enjoyed in China. Especially over the last 15 years, the Internet has played a decisive role in sustaining rapid development of the country. Economic development is enabled, crucially, by two factors: first, the improvement of production efficiency with higher product quality and more creative designs, and second, open channels through which factory products can be delivered to customers at the fastest speed and lowest cost. That is how the Internet decisively accounts for China’s industrial development.

    »¥ÁªÍøµÄ·¢Õ¹ÔÚÉè¼ÆÀíÄîºÍÉè¼ÆÈ˲ŷ½Ã漫´óµÄËõСÁËÎÒÃÇÓë¹ú¼ÊÏȽøµÄ¹ú¼ÒµÄ²î¾à¡£Í¨¹ý»¥ÁªÍø£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý»¥ÁªÍøÒÔ¸ü¿ìµÄËÙ¶È»ñȡȫÇò×îÏȽøµÄÉè¼Æ¼¼ÊõºÍÀíÄî¡£¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇͨ¹ý»¥ÁªÍø¿ÉÒÔ²úÉú¸ü¶àµÄЧӦ¡£Õâ¾Í¼«´óµØ¼Ó¿ìÁ˾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄËÙ¶È¡£
    The development of the Internet has significantly narrowed our gap with advanced countries in design concepts and design talents. We are offered a faster access to the world’s state-of-the-art design techniques and concepts by the Internet. More importantly, the Internet can bring about more effects. This has greatly accelerated economic development.

    ÔÚÇþµÀµÄÁìÓò£¬»¥ÁªÍøµÄЧ¹û¸ü¼ÓÃ÷ÏÔ£¬±ÈÈçµçÉÌ¡£ÀϰÙÐÕͨ¹ý»¥ÁªÍø¸üÈÝÒ×±í´ïËû×Ô¼ºµÄÒâÔ¸£¬¸üÈÝÒ×¶ÔÎÒÃÇÏÖÓеÄһЩ²úÆ·Ìá³öһЩÅúÆÀÐÔµÄÒâ¼û£¬¶øÕâЩҲ¶¼¸üºÃµØÍƶ¯ÆóÒµµÄÉú²ú£¬Íƶ¯Õþ¸®Ö°ÄܵÄÏÖ´ú»¯¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÊdzÇÊÐÈ˺ÍÅ©´åÈËÔÚ»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢ºÍ¹µÍ¨ÐÅÏ¢ÉÏÆ½µÈ£¬´ó¼Ò¶¼¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý»¥ÁªÍøÊµÊ±¿´µ½ÖйúµÄ·¢Õ¹ºÍÖйú³ÇÊеķ¢Õ¹¡£»¥ÁªÍø´Ì¼¤°ÙÐÕıÇóÃÀºÃÉú»îµÄÒâÔ¸£¬²¢ÇÒ½«ÒâÔ¸»¯ÎªÇ°ÐеÄÇ¿´ó¶¯Á¦¡£
    As for channels, the Internet has an even more evident effect, for example, on e-commerce. It has made it easier for ordinary people to express their own will, and share critical comments on some of our existing products, which will facilitate the production of enterprises and the modernization of government functions. Firstly, people in urban and rural areas, by going online, are equal in accessing and communicating information, which allows all of them to see the development of China and Chinese cities in real time. The Internet then stimulates the aspirations of common people to seek a better life, and turns their aspirations into a powerful driving force for development.


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